{"id":756,"date":"2026-02-21T09:44:01","date_gmt":"2026-02-21T09:44:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/?page_id=756"},"modified":"2026-03-02T06:56:13","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T06:56:13","slug":"poster-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/exhibit\/poster-1\/","title":{"rendered":"plak\u00e1t 1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u00fdvoj \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch \u0161achov\u00fdch figur od historick\u00fdch \u0161ach\u016f (acedrex) k modern\u00edm \u0161ach\u016fm (ajedrez)<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1. Jazykov\u00fd posun: Od X k J<\/b><\/h3>

Rozd\u00edl mezi slovy Acedrex a Ajedrez ilustruje fonetick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny, kter\u00e1 se sna\u017eila p\u0159izp\u016fsobit p\u016fvodn\u00ed arabsk\u00fd n\u00e1zev hry:<\/p>

  • A<\/b>cedrex (13. stolet\u00ed):\u00a0<\/strong>Tento pravopis je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm pravopisem pou\u017eit\u00fdm v trakt\u00e1tu kr\u00e1le Alfonse X. z roku 1283, Libro del Acedrex<\/i>. V t\u00e9to dob\u011b se k fonetick\u00e9mu zachycen\u00ed zvuku \u201c\u0161\u201d zd\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho z arab\u0161tiny pou\u017e\u00edvaly hl\u00e1sky \u201cc\u201d (p\u0159ed \u201ce\u201d) a \u201cx\u201d. Shatranj<\/i>.<\/p><\/li>

  • Ajedrez (15. stolet\u00ed):<\/b> S v\u00fdvojem jazyka se zvuk \u201c\u0161\u201d zm\u011bnil v modern\u00ed hrdeln\u00ed \u201cj\u201d (v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako \"j\"). jota<\/i>). V dob\u011b, kdy Luis Ram\u00edrez de Lucena vydal v roce 1497 sv\u00e9 st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed d\u00edlo, se pravopis p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil modern\u00ed podob\u011b.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    2. Mechanick\u00fd posun: \u201cEl Viejo\u201d vs. \u201cDe la Dama\u201d<\/b><\/h3>\n

    Zat\u00edmco se m\u011bnil fonetick\u00fd n\u00e1zev, pravidla proch\u00e1zela revolu\u010dn\u00edm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm pravomoc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zcela zm\u011bnilo tempo hry. Tento p\u0159echod nejl\u00e9pe definuj\u00ed dva syst\u00e9my popsan\u00e9 v Lucenov\u011b d\u00edle z roku 1497:<\/p>\n\n

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      El Viejo (Star\u00e1 cesta):<\/b> To p\u0159edstavuje tradi\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 pravidla Acedrexu, kde hra byla pomal\u00fdm pozi\u010dn\u00edm bojem. V tomto syst\u00e9mu byla figurka, kterou dnes naz\u00fdv\u00e1me Dama, Alferza (kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd r\u00e1dce), kter\u00e1 se mohla pohybovat pouze po diagon\u00e1le o jedno pole. Sou\u010dasn\u011b byl tradi\u010dn\u00ed Alfil omezen na skok p\u0159esn\u011b o dv\u011b pole po diagon\u00e1le, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159eskakoval ostatn\u00ed figury.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t

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      De la Dama (Modern\u00ed zp\u016fsob):<\/b> Tento \u201cnov\u00fd\u201d styl hry prom\u011bnil \u0161achy v \u201crychl\u00e9, taktick\u00e9 a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00e9\u201d st\u0159etnut\u00ed. Podle t\u011bchto pravidel byla alferza nahrazena \u201cd\u00e1mou\u201d, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala neomezen\u00fd dosah ve v\u0161ech sm\u011brech. Modern\u00ed \"Alfil\" se tak\u00e9 vyvinul v neomezen\u00e9ho diagon\u00e1ln\u00edho jezdce a osvojil si siln\u00fd pohyb, kter\u00fd byl kdysi vyhrazen experiment\u00e1ln\u00edm figur\u00e1m, jako je \"Krokod\u00fdl\".<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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      P\u0159echod z krokod\u00fdla na slona<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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      P\u0159echod pohybu \u201cneomezen\u00e1 diagon\u00e1la\u201d k n\u00e1zvu \u201cAlfil\u201d ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 literatu\u0159e znamen\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u00ed posun od st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u201c\u0161atrand\u017e\u201d k modern\u00edm \u0161ach\u016fm. Zat\u00edmco v \u201cLibro de los Juegos\u201d (1283) kr\u00e1le Alfonse X. byl poprv\u00e9 p\u0159edstaven neomezen\u00fd diagon\u00e1ln\u00ed tah prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm specifick\u00e9 figury zvan\u00e9 Krokod\u00fdl (Cocodrilo<\/i>), n\u00e1zev \u201cAlfil\u201d byl pro tento pohyb ve standardn\u00ed h\u0159e 8\u00d78 znovu pou\u017eit a\u017e koncem 15. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

      1. Krokod\u00fdl v Alfonsov\u011b knize (1283)<\/b><\/h3>\n

      V \u201cLibro de los Juegos\" Alfonsa X.\u201c<\/i>, standardn\u00ed Alfil byl st\u00e1le tradi\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bkou figurkou, kter\u00e1 p\u0159esko\u010dila p\u0159esn\u011b dv\u011b pole po \u00fahlop\u0159\u00ed\u010dce. Alfonso v\u0161ak obsahoval roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou variantu 12\u00d712, kter\u00e1 se naz\u00fdvala \u201cGrande Acedrex\".\u201c<\/b> (Great Chess), kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavil novou figuru nazvanou \u201cKrokod\u00fdl\u201d (\"Crocodile\").Cocodrilo<\/i>).<\/p>\n\n

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        Hnut\u00ed:<\/b> Krokod\u00fdl se pohyboval \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u011b jako modern\u00ed figurka - posouval se na libovolnou vzd\u00e1lenost po nep\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch diagon\u00e1l\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t

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        Inspirace:<\/b> Historici spojuj\u00ed toto jm\u00e9no se slavn\u00fdm diplomatick\u00fdm darem: \u017eiv\u00fdm krokod\u00fdlem, kter\u00e9ho v roce 1260 poslal egyptsk\u00fd sult\u00e1n Alfonsovi X. jako sou\u010d\u00e1st nab\u00eddky k s\u0148atku kr\u00e1lovy dcery. D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 maketa tohoto krokod\u00fdla v \u017eivotn\u00ed velikosti, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako \u201cLagarto\", byla postavena v roce 1894.\u201c<\/i>, kter\u00fd dodnes vis\u00ed v sevillsk\u00e9 katedr\u00e1le.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        2. P\u0159echod na \u201cAlfil\u201d v 15. stolet\u00ed<\/b><\/h3>\n

        N\u00e1zev \u201cAlfil\u201d byl ofici\u00e1ln\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pro neomezen\u00fd diagon\u00e1ln\u00ed pohyb ve standardn\u00ed h\u0159e 8\u00d78 po \u201cvalencijsk\u00e9 reform\u011b\u201d kolem roku 1475.<\/p>\n\n

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          Scachs d'amor (asi 1475):<\/b> Tato valencijsk\u00e1 b\u00e1se\u0148 je prvn\u00edm liter\u00e1rn\u00edm d\u00edlem popisuj\u00edc\u00edm modern\u00ed \u0161achov\u00e1 pravidla. V\u00fdslovn\u011b t\u00e9to figurce p\u0159isuzuje \u201cdynami\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli\u201d a pohybuje se po diagon\u00e1le o tolik pol\u00ed, kolik jen m\u016f\u017ee. V b\u00e1sni jsou tyto figurky ji\u017e ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako \u201cAlfil\u201d (ve valencij\u0161tin\u011b\/katal\u00e1n\u0161tin\u011b), co\u017e ilustruje, \u017ee v tomto obdob\u00ed do\u0161lo k p\u0159enesen\u00ed n\u00e1zvu ze star\u00e9ho \u201cskokana\u201d na nov\u00fd \u201cjezdec\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t

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          Libre dels jochs partits dels schacs (1495):<\/b> Tato ztracen\u00e1 kniha, jej\u00edm\u017e autorem je Francesc Vicent, je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za prvn\u00ed pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed o modern\u00edch \u0161ach\u00e1ch. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee normalizovala n\u00e1zev \u201cAlfil\u201d pro nov\u00e9 hnut\u00ed na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          3. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt v kastilsk\u00e9 (\u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9) literatu\u0159e<\/b><\/h3>\n

          Pokud hled\u00e1te specificky kastilskou (\u0161pan\u011blskou), nikoli valencijskou literaturu, prvn\u00ed definitivn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed slova \u201cAlfil\u201d pro modern\u00ed tah je v:<\/p>\n\n

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            Repetici\u00f3n de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez (1497):<\/b> Tato kniha, jej\u00edm\u017e autorem je Luis Ram\u00edrez de Lucena, je nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovanou ti\u0161t\u011bnou knihou o modern\u00edch \u0161ach\u00e1ch v kastil\u0161tin\u011b.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t

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            Lucena d\u00edlo ozna\u010duje jako Alfil (nebo Arfil) a rozli\u0161uje mezi \u201cnov\u00fdmi\u201d pravidly (de la dama) a \u201cstar\u00fdmi\u201d pravidly (el viejo). Potvrzuje, \u017ee \u201cnov\u00fd Alfil\u201d nyn\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d diagon\u00e1lou, \u010d\u00edm\u017e fakticky pohlcuje pohyb p\u016fvodn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159azen\u00fd Alfonsovu \u201cKrokod\u00fdlovi\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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            Z Alferzy na Damu (d\u00e1mu) a Reinu (kr\u00e1lovnu)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            I kdy\u017e se dnes pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed oba term\u00edny, volba mezi \u201cdama\u201d a \u201creina\u201d ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 \u0161achov\u00e9 literatu\u0159e ozna\u010duje p\u0159echod od st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 hry k modern\u00edm \u0161ach\u016fm a odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed dlouhodobou snahu vyhnout se jazykov\u00fdm zmatk\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n

            1. Prvn\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed vystoupen\u00ed: St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 \u201cReina\u201d<\/b><\/h3>\n

            V obecn\u00e9m liter\u00e1rn\u00edm smyslu se v\u00fdraz \u201creina\u201d (kr\u00e1lovna) objevil ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 \u0161achov\u00e9 poezii dlouho p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se stal standardizovan\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem pro figurku na \u0161achovnici.<\/p>\n\n

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              11. stolet\u00ed (\u0160egal):<\/span><\/b> \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd rab\u00edn \u201c<\/span>Abraham ibn Ezra\u201d<\/span> napsal na konci 11. stolet\u00ed b\u00e1se\u0148, v n\u00ed\u017e se o tomto d\u00edle zmi\u0148uje jako o \u201c<\/span>\u0160egal\u201d<\/span> (hebrejsk\u00fd v\u00fdraz pro kr\u00e1lovnu).<\/span><\/p>\n\n

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              St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e1 romance:<\/b> Pod vlivem mor\u00e1ln\u00edch trakt\u00e1t\u016f Jacoba de Cessolis byla skladba \u010dasto ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako \u2019.\u201c<\/span>regina\u201d<\/span> v latin\u011b a \u201c<\/span>reina<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/b> v ran\u00fdch rom\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, p\u0159esto\u017ee se st\u00e1le pohybuje slab\u00fdm diagon\u00e1ln\u00edm pohybem o jeden \u010dtvere\u010dek jako \u201c<\/span>Alferza<\/span>\u201c<\/span><\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

              <\/div><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              2. Prvn\u00ed modern\u00ed pojedn\u00e1n\u00ed: \u201cDama\u201d jako standard<\/b><\/h3>\n

              Kdy\u017e se na konci 15. stolet\u00ed zm\u011bnila pravidla a vznikl tak siln\u00fd \u201cneomezen\u00fd\u201d kus, kter\u00fd zn\u00e1me dnes, ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch trakt\u00e1tech se preferoval term\u00edn \u201cDama\u201d, nikoliv \"Reina\".<\/p>\n\n

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                Libre dels jochs partits dels schacs (1495):<\/span><\/b> Tuto knihu napsal Francesc Vicent ve Valencii a je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za prvn\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bnou knihu o modern\u00edch \u0161ach\u00e1ch.<\/span> Zam\u011b\u0159il se na \u201cDama\u201c<\/b> (Lady) a zaslou\u017eil se o standardizaci \u201cnov\u00fdch\u201d pravidel pohybu.<\/p>\n

                Repetici\u00f3n de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez (1497):<\/span><\/b> Luis Ram\u00edrez de Lucena v\u00fdslovn\u011b pou\u017eil term\u00edn \u201cDama\u201c pro definici modern\u00ed hry (de la dama). Z\u0159\u00eddkakdy pou\u017e\u00edval \u201cReina\u201d, proto\u017ee hra byla \u010dasto naz\u00fdv\u00e1na \u201c\u0161achy d\u00e1my\u201d (\u010dasto spojovan\u00e9 s kr\u00e1lovnou Isabelou I. Kastilskou).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                3. Kdy\u017e se \u201cReina\u201d stala \u010dastou alternativou<\/b><\/h3>\n

                V 16. stolet\u00ed, kdy hra p\u0159ekro\u010dila sv\u00e9 po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u201creformn\u00ed\u201d obdob\u00ed, se v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 \u0161achov\u00e9 literatu\u0159e za\u010dal \u010dast\u011bji objevovat p\u0159echod na \u201cReina\u201d.<\/p>\n\n

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                  Ruy L\u00f3pez de Segura (1561):<\/b> Ruy L\u00f3pez ve sv\u00e9m z\u00e1kladn\u00edm d\u00edle \u201cLibro de la Invenci\u00f3n Liberal y Arte del Juego del Axedrez\u201d pou\u017eil oba term\u00edny, i kdy\u017e \u201cDama\u201c<\/b> z\u016fstala ve strategick\u00fdch popisech technicky dominantn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n \t

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                  Konflikt \u201cR\u201d:<\/b> Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d \u201cReina\u201d nikdy pln\u011b nenahradila \u201cDama\u201d v technick\u00e9 \u0161achov\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, je \u0161achov\u00e1 notace. Ve \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 notaci se pro \u201cRey\u201d (kr\u00e1le) pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u00edsmeno \u201cR\u201c. Aby se p\u0159ede\u0161lo z\u00e1m\u011bn\u011b, je kr\u00e1lovn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159azeno p\u00edsmeno \u201cD\u201c pro \u201cDama\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Spanish chess piece evolution from historical chess (acedrex) toward modern chess (ajedrez) 1. The Linguistic Shift: From X to J The difference between Acedrex and Ajedrez illustrates the phonetic evolution of the Spanish language as it sought to adapt the original Arabic name for the game: Acedrex (The 13th Century):\u00a0This is the primary spelling used […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":743,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-756","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/756","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=756"}],"version-history":[{"count":53,"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/756\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1883,"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/756\/revisions\/1883"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/shatranj.art\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}